Taal Volcano Eruption Worse Case Hazard Maps from PHIVOLCS

Taal Volcano has been relatively inactive for so long now that it is often seen as an innocuous tourist destination. Although its last significant eruption was as far back as 1977, it is anything but innocuous. The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (Phivolcs) recognizes that Taal Volcano, while relatively quiet for four decades now, is still capable of terrain defining eruptions such as the one in 1754.

This was the year of Taal Volcano’s deadliest eruption on record, when hundreds were either killed or forced to relocate. The eruption started on the fifteenth of May and did not end until almost seven months later on the first day of December. So much pyroclastic material was discharged into the atmosphere that a channel connecting Taal Lake to Balayan Bay was virtually closed off and subsequently transformed the lake from marine to freshwater.¹

Phivolcs knows that such an eruption can occur again, although the institute is careful to say that it cannot say when an eruption of the same scale will occur.² Nonetheless, the institute has prepared maps that show localities that are at potential risk should such an eruption ever occur again.

Potential Eruption Vents

Before we look at the hazard maps, let us first look at five potential eruption vents identified by Phivolcs. Eruption vents or eruption fissures are cracks in the earth through which lava erupts. These can be anything from a few meters to several kilometers wide.

These potential eruption vents are also shown on Phivolcs’ hazard maps, but for clarity, let us look at these using a Google Earth image. The institute identifies these potential vents as the Taal Volcano Island Main Crater, Binintiang Malaki (also known as the “Fake Volcano” or frequent postcard face of Taal Volcano³), Pirapiraso, Off-Calauit and Binintiang Munti.

Ballistic Projectiles Hazard Map

The Seismic Research Center of the University of the West Indies defines ballistic projectiles from volcanic eruptions as “rocks that an erupting volcano may hurl into the air. These blocks and bombs travel like cannonballs and usually land within 2km of the vent (but can travel as far as 5km, or even further, if the eruption is very explosive.)⁴”

Phivolcs’ Ballistic Projectile Hazard Map assumes a worst case scenario similar to the 1574 eruption. The map shows in pink (and violet, since pink has been superimposed on blue which represents the waters of Taal Lake) the localities in danger should such an eruption occur. Particularly at risk are the shores of the municipalities of Laurel and Agoncillo along with a small portion of the Talisay shoreline.

Phivolcs notes that areas outside of the ballistics danger zone may also experience ash fall, but that exactly where is dependent on prevailing winds at the time of the eruption. This ash fall tends to be thicker closer to the vents from which eruptions occur and thins out the farther away from these vents.

Finally, Phivolcs says that the boundaries of the hazard map will change if the eruption center occurs outside the volcano island, excepting Off-Calauit.

Base Surge Hazard Map

Turbulent gas and rock fragments that are ejected into the atmosphere during some volcanic eruptions are called the pyroclastic surge. A base surge is a type of pyroclastic surge, but these stay close to the ground – or water, in the case of Taal Volcano – as “expanding rings of turbulent mixtures of fragments and gas.⁵”

Like in the previous map, Phivolcs assumes a 1754-like worst case scenario and that the eruptions will take place from any of the five previously identified vents or fissures. Brown represents areas prone to base surge from such an eruption and dark tan is a buffer zone which may or may not be affected.

The potential risk from base surge of a 1754-scale eruption is wider than the risk from ballistic projectiles, as the hazard map shows. Included in the zone regarded as prone to base surge are the municipalities of Taal, San Nicolas, Agoncillo, Laurel along with parts of Santa Teresita, Mataas-na-Kahoy, Balete, Cuenca, Alitagtag, Malvar, Tanauan City and Talisay. Even the outer fringes of Lipa City are included.

For better appreciation of the danger from base surge, here is the same map superimposed at 40% opacity on a Google Earth image. Notice that the buffer zone reaches out all the way to parts of Tanauan City in the northeast (i.e. of the volcano) and Lemery to the southwest.

Lake Water Oscillation Hazard Map

Seismic activity such as earthquakes or forces caused by a blast can cause water in a semi-confined area, such as Taal Lake, to oscillate or swing from side to side. This oscillation is also called a seiche, a phenomenon that has been “observed on lakes, reservoirs, swimming pools, bays, harbours and seas.” While most seiches are relatively harmless, in extreme cases they have been known to rise as high as 16 feet and, therefore, cause damage along lake shorelines.⁶

Phivolc’s Taal Volcano Seiches/Lake Oscillation Hazard Map shows in yellow (and light green where the yellow is superimposed on the blue waters of the lake) areas vulnerable to seiches should a 1754-scale eruption of the volcano occur. These include the parts of the shorelines of Tanauan City, Talisay, Laurel, Agoncillo, San Nicolas, Santa Teresita, Alitagtag, Cuenca, Mataas-na-Kahoy, Balete and Malvar.

In Conclusion

From the cataclysm of 1574, Taal Volcano’s next major eruption happened in 1911, when the main volcano island was completely devastated and ashes reached as far as Manila. The volcano was also active from 1965 to 1977, mostly phreatomagmatic explosions caused by the interaction of magma with lake water. In recent years, Phivolcs has maintained an Alert Level 1 over the volcano, meaning that some activity is being monitored but no danger from an eruption is imminent.⁷

This does not mean, however, that Taal Volcano has gone completely dormant. We need look no further than Mount Pinatubo, which was dormant for six centuries, to know that it is not a good thing to think that Taal Volcano will not act up again. At any rate, one advantage that we all definitely enjoy over those who had to endure the 1754 eruption is that we all have quick access to information and can act accordingly based on this. This is why the Phivolcs hazard maps ought to be studied by those who live in relative proximity to Taal Volcano.

For those who wish to download and view the complete hazard maps from Phivolcs, please click here.

¹ Taal volcano, Wikipedia.
² “Taal 1754 eruption: Will history repeat itself?” online at Rappler.com.
³ “Binintiang Malaki Volcano,” online at Wikimapia.
⁴ “Volcanic Hazards,” online at the University of the West Indies.
⁵ “Pyroclastic surge,” Wikipedia.
⁶ “Seiche,” Wikipedia.
⁷ “Taal volcano,” Wikipedia.